Profit and loss account template: formats E and F side by side
One bakery, two layouts: costs by nature and by function, with the allocation table that links both and the abridged form for small and micro legal entities.
The short answer
The profit and loss account of a Dutch BV follows format E, with costs by nature, or format F, with costs by function. Both arrive at the same result. Below they are filled in with the same figures, with the allocation table between them and the abridged layout for small and micro legal entities.
Updated 30 October 2026
Key facts
| Format E | By category: costs by nature (art. 2:377(3) DCC) |
| Format F | By function: cost of sales, selling costs and general administrative costs (art. 2:377(4) DCC) |
| Format I and J | The same two layouts for small legal entities, from the gross margin |
The example: Bakkerij Hoogland B.V.
Bakkerij Hoogland B.V. is a made-up bakery with two shops: the bakers belong to the cost of sales, the shop staff to selling and the administration to general administration.
The tables on this page are the template. There is no file to save; you retype the lines into your own spreadsheet.
Format E: costs by nature
| Format E | 2025 (€) | 2024 (€) | art. 2:377(3) DCC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net turnover | 1.265.000 | 1.180.000 | (a) |
| Other operating income | 12.000 | 9.000 | (d) |
| Total operating income | 1.277.000 | 1.189.000 | |
| Cost of raw materials and consumables | -398.000 | -371.000 | (g) |
| Cost of subcontracted work and other external costs | -64.000 | -58.000 | (g) |
| Wages and salaries | -462.000 | -438.000 | (e) |
| Social security charges | -97.000 | -92.000 | (f) |
| Depreciation of intangible and tangible fixed assets | -58.000 | -55.000 | (h) |
| Other operating expenses | -121.000 | -113.000 | (j) |
| Total operating expenses | -1.200.000 | -1.127.000 | |
| Operating result | 77.000 | 62.000 | inserted subtotal |
| Interest expense and similar costs | -9.000 | -10.000 | (o) |
| Result before tax | 68.000 | 52.000 | |
| Taxes | -12.920 | -9.880 | paragraph 1 |
| Result after tax | 55.080 | 42.120 | paragraph 1(c) |
Two lines of the format are missing because Hoogland does not have them: the change in inventories and capitalised production (art. 4(3) Annual Accounts Formats Decree, Besluit modellen jaarrekening). The operating result is an inserted subtotal; that is allowed (art. 5(3)).
From nature to function: the allocation table
Format F allocates each cost type across three functions. Record the allocation key and use it again every year.
| Cost type 2025 | Total (€) | Cost of sales | Selling costs | General administrative costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw materials and consumables | 398.000 | 398.000 | 0 | 0 |
| Subcontracted work and external costs | 64.000 | 40.000 | 14.000 | 10.000 |
| Wages and salaries | 462.000 | 300.000 | 110.000 | 52.000 |
| Social security charges | 97.000 | 63.000 | 23.000 | 11.000 |
| Depreciation | 58.000 | 46.000 | 5.000 | 7.000 |
| Other operating expenses | 121.000 | 25.000 | 34.000 | 62.000 |
| Total | 1.200.000 | 872.000 | 186.000 | 142.000 |
Format F: costs by function
| Format F | 2025 (€) | art. 2:377(4) DCC |
|---|---|---|
| Net turnover | 1.265.000 | (a) |
| Cost of sales | -872.000 | (b) |
| Gross turnover result | 393.000 | (c) |
| Selling costs | -186.000 | (d) |
| General administrative costs | -142.000 | (e) |
| Net turnover result | 65.000 | |
| Other operating income | 12.000 | (f) |
| Interest expense and similar costs | -9.000 | (k) |
| Result before tax | 68.000 | |
| Taxes | -12.920 | |
| Result after tax | 55.080 |
You may omit the Net turnover result line (art. 14(1) of the Decree). A medium-sized or large legal entity that chooses format F states wages and social security charges in the notes (art. 2:382 DCC); a small one only the average number of employees (art. 2:396(5) DCC).
Abridged: format I for a small legal entity
A small legal entity combines turnover, other income and the costs of raw materials and external costs (art. 2:396(4) DCC): 1.277.000 minus 398.000 minus 64.000.
| Format I | 2025 (€) |
|---|---|
| Gross margin | 815.000 |
| Wages and salaries | -462.000 |
| Social security charges | -97.000 |
| Depreciation of intangible and tangible fixed assets | -58.000 |
| Other operating expenses | -121.000 |
| Total costs | -738.000 |
| Interest expense and similar costs | -9.000 |
| Result before tax | 68.000 |
| Taxes | -12.920 |
| Result after tax | 55.080 |
| Class | Layout | Goes to the KVK |
|---|---|---|
| Micro | Net turnover, other operating income, raw materials and consumables, wages, depreciation and impairments in one item, other operating expenses, taxes and result (art. 2:395a(5) DCC) | No (paragraph 8) |
| Small | Format I or J: starts at the gross margin | Stays internal (art. 2:396(8) DCC) |
| Medium-sized | Format E or F with a gross operating result and the turnover development as a ratio (art. 2:397(3) DCC); for Hoogland that would be +7,2% | Yes, in that abridged form (art. 2:397(5) DCC) |
| Large | The full format E or F | Yes |
Formats E and F in a spreadsheet
- Input: the result accounts from the trial balance, each with a cost type and, for format F, an allocation percentage per function.
- Check 1: each row of the allocation table adds up to the total of that cost type.
- Check 2: the result under format E minus the result under format F is zero.
- Check 3: the result after tax equals the undistributed profit on the balance sheet before appropriation of result.
Mistakes that go with this statement
- Mixing both layouts. The law lets you choose between paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, not combine them (art. 2:377(2) DCC).
- Including turnover including VAT. Net turnover is the revenue after deduction of discounts and of taxes levied on turnover (art. 2:377(6) DCC).
- Counting the book gain on a sold delivery van in net turnover.
- Switching layout from year to year. That is only allowed for well-founded reasons (art. 2:363(4) DCC).
Format E, F or I in Jaarrekening.io
After importing an XAF audit file or a trial balance in Excel or CSV, Jaarrekening.io compiles the profit and loss account in the layout of your size class. The allocation key for format F remains your choice. You can sign up via Start for free.
Sources
Frequently asked questions
Which format is handiest if I do my own bookkeeping?
Usually format E. A ledger is generally organised by cost type, so the lines follow directly from the trial balance. Format F requires an allocation over production, selling and administration.
Does a micro BV also prepare a profit and loss account?
Yes, an abridged one, with the items named in art. 2:395a(5) DCC. It stays internal: only the abridged balance sheet is filed with the KVK (paragraph 8).
How does the Dutch Accounting Standards Board (RJ) define operating result?
For reporting years from 1 January 2027 this is fixed: for format E the total operating income minus the total operating expenses, for format F the net turnover result plus other operating income (RJ-Uiting 2026-6). In the example that is 77.000 in both cases.
How do I check the tie-in with the balance sheet?
The result after tax equals the increase in equity, after correcting for contributions and distributions during the year.
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Preparing Dutch annual accounts?
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